Facts That you should Know

We people are unaware of pollution but there are many simple facts that will amaze all of us. After taking a look, think what we have done & then you can imagine yourself that what will be our  future.  Just take a look - 

1. For every one of the 6 billion people on earth, nearly four tons of carbon dioxide is spewed into the air annually.

2. World wide, rainforests are dissapearing at a rate of one and a half football fields per second. Each spring the forests beathe in oxygen and the earth breathes out again the following autumn, but like a heavy smokers lungs the earth is loosing its ability to breathe at all. Just a few centuries ago, earths equator was girdled by a green belt of 15 million sq. miles of rain forest, an area about 5-times that of contiguous US. Now the equiv. of 3 USA's worth of Forest are GONE! there is only 6.2 million sq. miles left ...

3. Americans consume 22% of the worlds oil, even though they make up just 5% of the world's population - as a result the past 100 years has seen heat trapping gases increase by 22%

4. Other 'warming gases' are; methane, nitrous, oxide and chloroflurocarbons (or CFC's). CFC's were invented by Thomas Midgley, Jr. whilst working for General Motors. CFC's exist at parts per trillion (ppt), however, each molecule has more than 12,000 times the heat-trapping potential of a molecule of CO2.

5. Our atmosphere was first compared to a "Glass Vessel" in 1827 by the French mathematicians, Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier. IN 1850 British physicist James Tyndall took things further and tried to measure the heat trapping properties of various componenets of the atmosphere. He discovered that (suprisingly) that the twomost common gases, nitrogen and oxygen, have no heat-trapping ability; 99% of the atmosphere has no insulating properties at all. It's up to a few trace gases, water vapour, CO2, methane and others to keep the planet cosy.

6. Importance of CO2 as earth's climate regulator was confirmed when scientists drilled out Ice Core in Antartica. They extracted a mile long cylinder of ice. Dating back 160,000 years they found an unbroken record of both temp and atmospheric levels of CO2; these two factors alone controlling previous thaws and ice ages.

7. Every time CO2 descends so do the temperatures. When temps were avg. 5oC, CO2 = 190ppm (parts per million) Throughout the 160,000 years the temps fluctuated between 190 - 280 ppm.

By the end of the 1900's CO2 = 300 ppm

8. In 1896 Arrhenius spelled out in an essay; "we are evaporating our coal mines into the air." You used to be able to stand on a hill and see up to 70 miles away, now you can only seeabout 15 miles.

9. In the year AD1 there were about 250million humans on earth. It took 1,650 years for that number to double. Between 1650 and 1930 the human population rose 4 times to 2 billion. By the turn of the century 6 billion on Earth - 3X the population just 70 years earlier. 

10. There are about 500 million cars on the planet and by 2030 it is expected to double to 1 billion cars ... It is believed that current fuel supplies peaked in 2006.

When you consider that the entire atmosphere of Earth weighs 5 million, billion tons, it seems okay - but remember only a little CO2 controls the warming.

                                                                                

                                                                                                                

Rapid Climate Change

Sea levels will rise if the gigantic ice sheets in Greenland and west Antarctica start to break up

What is climate change?


The Earth's climate has always varied, so the term climate change is now generally used to describe the changes caused by human activity - specifically, greenhouse emissions such as carbon dioxide and methane, which build up in the atmosphere and trap heat.


Is it the same as global warming?


As human activity increases the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere far beyond their natural levels, much more heat is trapped. Hence, the term climate change is often used interchangeably with global warming.


Can it be explained by natural causes?


Measurements at the Earth's surface show that average temperatures have risen by some 0.4C since the 1970s. Scientists are confident this change can be blamed on human emissions because the increase is too big to be explained by natural causes.


Although natural factors such as changes in the sun and large volcanic eruptions are known to have warmed and cooled the planet in the past, these effects are not powerful enough to explain the rapid warming seen recently. Only an increased greenhouse effect caused by higher amounts of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere can explain it.


What is the main greenhouse gas?


Water vapour in the atmosphere produces the strongest greenhouse effect, but it has been in balance for millions of years. Human emissions, though relatively small, tip that balance.


Carbon dioxide is the chief greenhouse gas produced by human activity. It is produced when we burn fossil fuels: oil, gas and coal. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is measured in parts per million (ppm). 


Before the industrial revolution, the carbon dioxide level was about 280ppm. It is now 386ppm and rising by 2-3ppm each year. When other greenhouse gases such as methane are included, the total level in the atmosphere, known as the carbon dioxide equivalent, is closer to 440ppm. 


What future temperature rise is expected?


Scientists say continued emissions will cause the planet to heat up further. To work out how much, they use computer models based on the programs used to predict the weather.


These models are not perfect, and struggle to simulate some features of the climate system such as clouds. To get around this, the scientists run many different versions and pool the results. The computer models predict that if emissions continue to rise at the present rate, average temperatures will most likely increase by 4C by 2100.


There are uncertainties, though - for example, the planet's oceans, forests and soils could release their massive stocks of carbon as the world warms, leading to much greater temperature rises than human emissions alone would cause.


Why are warmer temperatures bad?


Most plants and animals have evolved to live in a fairly narrow ecological niche. Some will move to find their desired conditions, others will be able to adapt. Those that cannot move or adapt will perish. Some animals, such as the polar bear, have nowhere to move to.


A warmer climate will affect agriculture and water availability. Increased temperatures are also expected to limit rainfall in some regions and bring more extreme weather events such as storms to others. 


Sea levels will rise - gradually at first as the extra warmth works its way into the oceans and makes them expand; more quickly if the gigantic ice sheets in Greenland and west Antarctica start to break up.


How can we tackle global warming?


Scientists say the only realistic way at present is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. How to do that - and where - is a political hot potato.


Because it takes time for the heat to build up in the atmosphere, and because carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere for a long time, there is a lag in the system, which means the effect of any changes will not be felt for decades. Put bluntly, we are headed for about another 0.5C of warming whatever we do.


What are the Kyoto protocol and the Copenhagen climate talks?


The world's only existing treaty to limit emissions, the Kyoto protocol, has had limited success, and expires in 2012. Politicians are working to develop a replacement that would include countries excluded from Kyoto, such as China, and those that refused to join, such as the US. 


From December 7, environment ministers and officials will meet in Copenhagen to thrash out a successor to Kyoto. The two week event is being seen by many environmentalists as a crucial diplomatic opportunity to create an international agreement on meaningful cuts in emissions that will prevent the worst consequences of climate change.


Can renewable energy help?


The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that we already have most of the technology we need to bring down emissions significantly. These include renewable energy sources such as windmills, geothermal and solar panels, as well as more efficient cars and power stations.


What about carbon trading?


Carbon trading is a market mechanism to achieve cuts in emissions. Countries or groups of countries (such as the EU) first agree a cap or maximum emissions level. Individual companies are then either given or must purchase carbon credits - the right to emit a certain amount of CO2. If they exceed their allowance they must purchase permits from another company that has company that has fallen short of its cap. If the cost of buying carbon credits is high enough it incentivises companies to invest in measures to reduce their emissions.


To date, the EU's emissions trading scheme has been heavily criticised for failing to reduce emissions. In the first phase, the number of permits issued was too high, sending the carbon price crashing and so removing any incentive for companies to spend money reducing their emissions. The environmentalist James Lovelock has branded Europe's carbon trading scheme a "scam".


What about carbon offsetting?


Offsetting is controversial because some people see it as an excuse not to change our behaviour. There are also concerns about whether it delivers the promised savings, as much of the market is unregulated.


What about storing the CO2 underground or blocking the sun?


One technology that would allow us to continue burning fossil fuels such as coal and oil without increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere is carbon capture and storage (CCS). This involves extracting CO2 at power stations then pumping it underground. Critics argue the technology will prove expensive and is several years away from being proven. 


A more drastic approach is so-called geo-engineering. These are major technological fixes such as seeding clouds to bounce some of the sun's radiation back into space or stimulating the growth of algae in the oceans to soak up CO2. These are much more speculative, but Barack Obama's scientific adviser, John Holdren, has said that he is open to even these drastic measures.

Carbon Emission

Caption Ford Factory at Sunset Image ID: JS005355 Photographer: Joseph Sohm Date Photographed: ca. 1992 Image or Work Type: Color photography Location Information: Cleveland, Ohio, USA Credit Line: CORBIS/Joseph Sohm; ChromoSohm Inc. The Cleveland Ford Factory is silhouletted against the sky at sunset. Ohio. Corbis UK Ltd. Photograph: Joseph Sohm/Corbis

What are carbon emissions?

Carbon emissions usually refer to the man-made production of a series of gases that accumulate in the atmosphere and help to warm it. Strictly speaking, not all of these so-called greenhouse gases contain carbon so some – including New York Times journalist Andrew Revkin – have labelled the phrase misleading. Some use the phrase as shorthand for emissions of carbon dioxide, which is the most important greenhouse gas produced. Often the emissions of other greenhouse gases are measured by converting them to the equivalent quantity of carbon dioxide needed to produce a similar warming effect – denoted as CO2[eq].

Why do they matter?

They trap heat sent from the Earth's surface in a physical trick discovered by Svante Arrhenius in 1896 known as the greenhouse effect. Sunlight, either direct from the sun or reflected back from shiny parts of the Earth, can pass straight through. But sunlight absorbed by the Earth and then re-emitted as thermal energy – such as from a tarmac road on a sunny day – is absorbed. As carbon emissions build up in the atmosphere, so the amount of heat they trap and send back to the surface increases. This steadily increases the temperature of the Earth's surface and drives global warming.

Where do they come from?

Mostly from energy use: fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal have driven the world's economies since the industrial revolution and have released carbon emissions in the process. Almost all aspects of our lifestyles rely on access to cheap energy – from transport to central heating, which, in turn, rely on fossil fuels. Energy-intensive industries such as steel and cement have particularly high carbon emissions. Besides energy use, activities such as agriculture produce greenhouse gas emissions, either directly through changes in land-use or indirectly from fertilisers.

How much is produced?

About 26 billion tons of carbon dioxide every year, and rising. World emissions have increased sharply since 2000 mainly driven by the coal-driven economic boom in China. Carbon emissions are closely tied to GDP, so as the economy grows, so do emissions. The 2008/9 recession may reduce emissions slightly, but is not expected to have a significant impact in the long term.

Can they be reduced?

Only by the world using less energy, or making the switch to renewable energy such as wind power, which does not produce carbon pollution. Both are proving hard. Demand for energy is expected to soar over the next few decades and efforts to develop and introduce renewable alternatives are patchy at best. Another possible solution is to trap emissions underground, but the technology required is unproven on a large scale.

What about the Kyoto Protocol?

The 1997 Kyoto agreement is the world's only attempt to regulate carbon emissions. It set targets for rich countries, who collectively were supposed to reduce emissions by about 5%. While some countries such as Britain are likely to meet their 2012 target, many are way over budget. The US famously refused to participate in Kyoto, which significantly weakened its impact. The first phase of Kyoto expires in 2012, and the world is still trying to agree a successor.

What about carbon trading?

Carbon trading allows companies and rich countries to claim reductions in their emissions by paying others to make the required cuts. Supporters say it helps find the cheapest, quickest way to reduce overall pollution, but carbon trading has been criticised as flawed and open to abuse. The environmentalist James Lovelock has referred to the European Carbon Trading Scheme as a "scam".

Is there a limit to how much we should produce?

Scientists say the world can only burn a total of about a trillion tonness of carbon if we want to limit global warming to a 2C rise above pre-industrial levels. About half of this has already been used, and at current rates, we will burn the remaining half a trillion tonnes inside 40 years.

                                                                                     By Google News

Cpoenhagen Climate summit

Three hours after the "Danish text" had been leaked to the Guardian, Lumumba Di-Aping, the Sudanese chairman of the group of 132 developing countries known as G77 plus China, spelt out exactly why the poor countries he represents were so incensed. "The text robs developing countries of their just and equitable and fair share of the atmospheric space. It tries to treat rich and poor countries as equal," said the diplomat.

The text is a draft proposal for the final political agreement that should be signed by national leaders including Barack Obama and Gordon Brown at the end of the Copenhagen summit on 18 December. It was prepared in secret by a group of individuals known as "the circle of commitment" but understood to include the US and Denmark.

Five hours later, the UN's top climate diplomat had responded. Yvo de Boer said: "This was an informal paper ahead of the conference given to a number of people for the purposes of consultations. The only formal texts in the UN process are the ones tabled by the chairs of this Copenhagen conference at the behest of the parties [involved]."

But the representatives of developing nations felt betrayed by the intent of the proposals in the draft.

"This text destroys both the UN convention on climate change and the Kyoto protocol. This is aimed at producing a new treaty, a new legal initiative that throws away the basis of [differing] obligations between the poorest and most wealthy nations in the world," said Di-Aping.

The existing treaty is the only global agreement that legally obliges rich countries to reduce their emissions.

Lumumba Di-Aping, the Sudanese chairman of the group of 132 developing countries known as G77 plus China, responds to the leak of the 'Danish text'. Photograph: Jens Norgaard Larsen/EPA

Di-Aping is one of the most outspoken of developing country leaders, at once charming and radical.

What the west had failed to grasp, he said, was the very deep hurt that had been growing steadily since the climate negotiations were effectively taken over by heads of state and were conducted outside the UN, the only forum in which poor countries feel they are equally represented.

The text is now likely to be withdrawn because of its reception by China, India and many other developing countries. It suggests that rich countries are desperate for world leaders to have a text to work from when they arrive next week.

Few numbers are included in the text, because these would be filled in later after negotiation by world leaders.

However, it does seek to hold global temperature rises to 2C, the safe limit according to scientists, and it mentions the sum of $10bn a year in aid to help poor countries cope with climate change, starting in 2012.

Last night the G77 reaction was seen by some developed world analysts as an exaggerated but fundamentally correct response to the way that the US, the UK and other rich countries have sought to negotiate.

Development NGOs were particularly scathing in their criticism.

Antonio Hill, climate policy adviser for Oxfam International, said: "This is only a draft, but it highlights the risk that when the big countries come together, the small ones get hurt."

Hill added: "It proposes a green fund to be run by a board, but the big risk is that it will run by the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility [a partnership of 10 agencies including the World Bank and the UN Environment Programme] and not the UN.

"That would be a step backwards, and it tries to put constraints on [emissions in] developing countries when none were negotiated in earlier UN climate talks."

A spokesman for Cafod, a development charity with close links to some of the poorest countries in the world, said: "This draft document reveals the backstage machinations of a biased host who, instead of acting as nonpartisan broker, is taking sides with the developed countries.

"The document should not even exist. There is a UN legal process which is the official negotiating text. The Danish text disrespects the solid, steady approach of the UN process."

Over the next days several new texts will emerge and out of them a likely contender to be carried by consensus of all the countries. Di-Aping said that the G77 remained committed to the talks.

"We will not walk out of the talks at this late hour, because we will not allow the failure of Copenhagen. But we will not sign an inequitable deal; we will not accept a deal that condemns 80% of the world population to further suffering and injustice."

Later this week, the rich countries can expect fresh assaults from the Africa group of countries, the least developed countries group, and the association of small island states. Each is liable to upset the best laid plans of developed world leaders who those groups say appear to place the need to reach an agreement above fully engaging with the poorest countries.

"We call ordinary people to put the utmost pressure on politicians to come to their senses," said Di-Aping.

Butterfly - Small Beauty

Butterfly one of the most beautiful animal in this earth.Is Now disappearing , vanishing  from earth  because of us.

We have destroyed natural flora & fauna for our earning , never thinking about the result who will the worst sufferer - 

"WE THE HUMAN BEING"

       

            

                

                  

                      

Its Time to wake Up

Its Time to wake up guys because we all are going to loose our home & killing ourself. Pollution increasing day by day & we are thinking that some one will stop making pollution i will do after him or her. Its a stupid thinking & like cutting the branch of tree in which your are sitting. 

  

Stop thinking & start Saving our Earth

We have already lost many things stop thinking otherwise we will have nothing to loose...........

Come on............

Start saving.................

So what can you do to save your future & make your future better........

1)Plant More as possible  

2)Save Drinking Water

   3)Don't be lazy & Walk or cycle instead of Car Driving

4)Try to recycle paper & plastic

5)Use eco-friendly products

6)Save Energy

7)In many ways you can do , just do it

If you ignore & continue this practice

then..........

  

This is your future.......

And this is you...

Then there will be no way...
No Way.........
Even not this way.........

So its better to go through this way


Start Saving your home from today





Your Home..........

You Can choose your future..

                            This or That

Rain Forest

Rain Forest

Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches). The monsoon trough, alternately known as the intertropical convergence zone, plays a significant role in creating Earth's tropical rain forests.

From 40 to 75% of all species on Earth are indigenous to the rainforests. It has been estimated that many millions of species of plants, insects, and microorganisms are still undiscovered. Tropical rainforests have been called the "jewels of the Earth", and the "world's largest pharmacy", because of the large number of natural medicines discovered there. Rainforests are also responsible for 28% of the worlds oxygen turn over, often misunderstood as oxygen production. processing it through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and through breathing to carbon dioxide.

The undergrowth in a rainforest is restricted in many areas by the lack of sunlight at ground level. This makes it possible to walk through the forest. If the leaf canopy is destroyed or thinned, the ground beneath is soon colonized by a dense, tangled growth of vines, shrubs, and small trees called a jungle. There are two types of rainforest, tropical rainforest and temperate rainforest.

OzONE Hole

The discovery of the Antarctic "ozone hole" by British Antarctic Survey scientists Farman, Gardiner and Shanklin (announced in a paper in Nature in May 1985) came as a shock to the scientific community, because the observed decline in polar ozone was far larger than anyone had anticipated. Satellite measurements showing massive depletion of ozone around the south pole were becoming available at the same time. However, these were initially rejected as unreasonable by data quality control algorithms (they were filtered out as errors since the values were unexpectedly low); the ozone hole was detected only in satellite data when the raw data was reprocessed following evidence of ozone depletion in in situ observations. When the software was rerun without the flags, the ozone hole was seen as far back as 1976.

Susan Solomon, an atmospheric chemist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), proposed that chemical reactions on polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in the cold Antarctic stratosphere caused a massive, though localized and seasonal, increase in the amount of chlorine present in active, ozone-destroying forms. The polar stratospheric clouds in Antarctica are only formed when there are very low temperatures, as low as -80 degrees C, and early spring conditions. In such conditions the ice crystals of the cloud provide a suitable surface for conversion of unreactive chlorine compounds into reactive chlorine compounds which can deplete ozone easily.

Moreover the polar vortex formed over Antarctica is very tight and the reaction which occurs on the surface of the cloud crystals is far different from when it occurs in atmosphere. These conditions have led to ozone hole formation in Antarctica. This hypothesis was decisively confirmed, first by laboratory measurements and subsequently by direct measurements, from the ground and from high-altitude airplanes, of very high concentrations of chlorine monoxide (ClO) in the Antarctic stratosphere.

Alternative hypotheses, which had attributed the ozone hole to variations in solar UV radiation or to changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, were also tested and shown to be untenable.

Meanwhile, analysis of ozone measurements from the worldwide network of ground-based Dobson spectrophotometers led an international panel to conclude that the ozone layer was in fact being depleted, at all latitudes outside of the tropics. These trends were confirmed by satellite measurements. As a consequence, the major halocarbon producing nations agreed to phase out production of CFCs, halons, and related compounds, a process that was completed in 1996.

Since 1981 the United Nations Environment Programme has sponsored a series of reports on scientific assessment of ozone depletion. The most recent is from 2007 where satellite measurements have shown the hole in the ozone layer is recovering and is now the smallest it has been for about a decade.

Our Green Earth

This is our home & but we are trying to destroy our home . To make ourselves orphan .



Global Warming

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the last century. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that increasing greenhouse gas concentrations resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation are responsible for most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century. The IPCC also concludes that natural phenomena such as solar variation and volcanoes produced most of the warming from pre-industrial times to 1950 and had a small cooling effect afterward. These basic conclusions have been endorsed by more than 40 scientific societies and academies of science, including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries.

Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that global surface temperature will probably rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the twenty-first century. The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations and the use of differing estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Some other uncertainties include how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most studies focus on the period up to 2100. However, warming is expected to continue beyond 2100 even if emissions stop, because of the large heat capacity of the oceans and the long lifetime of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Increasing global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of subtropical deserts. The continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice is expected, with the Arctic region being particularly affected. Other likely effects include shrinkage of the Amazon rainforest and Boreal forests, increases in the intensity of extreme weather events, species extinctions and changes in agricultural yields.

Political and public debate continues regarding what actions (if any) to take in response to global warming. The available options are mitigation to reduce further emissions; adaptation to reduce the damage caused by warming; and, more speculatively, geoengineering to reverse global warming. Most national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.